Key Words and Meanings - Year 8 Geography

• Our Sustainable World

  Sustainability	Meeting the needs of the present without getting in the way of the needs of future generations
  The global commons	Areas of land, air or sea which are shared by people but not owned by anyone
  Non-renewable resource	Coal, Oil or Gas which are non-renewable
  Renewable energy	A type of energy which does not rely on fossil fuels but instead relies on naturally occuring energies; solar, wind etc.
  The tragedy of the commons	Where a shared resource, which has no rules, is over used by people to the detriment of all people.

• How is China managing its population?

  Communism	a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs.
  Capitalism	an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
  Human Rights	a right which is believed to belong to every person. E.g the right to water, the right to a free trial.
  One Child Policy	The one-child policy was a population planning initiative in China implemented between 1980 and 2015 to curb the country's growth by restricting many families to a single child.
  Population Pyramid	A population pyramid or "age-sex pyramid" is a graphical illustration of the distribution of a population by age groups and sex; it typically takes the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

• Glaciers over time

  Glacier	A mass of ice which moves under its own weight or due to gravity
  Alpine Glacier	A glacier which starts in mountains and flows downwards
  Ice Sheet	A glacier which is formed in land masses found in extremely cold environments; e.g Antarctica and Greenland
  Zone of accumulation	The start of a glacier where new ice is created from snowfall
  Zone of ablation	The snout of a glacier where ice melts (the end of the glacier)

• River and coastal hydrology in the U.K

  Water cycle	The way in which water is moved from sea to earth and back again; evaporation, condensation and precipitation
  Erosion	The gradual wearing away and breaking down of material
  Hydrology	the branch of science concerned with the properties of the earth's water, and especially its movement in relation to land.
  Deposition	Where material carried by water is 'put down' and released under low energy conditions

• The Amazon Rainforest - A fragile environment

  Interdependence	Interdependence between countries means that they are dependent on one another in some way.
  Ecosystem	An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
  Biodiversity	Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi.
  Adaptation	adaptations allow plants and animals to survive in the conditions of the rainforest.
  Deforestation	The human action of clearing a wide area of trees.

• Fieldwork - a trip to a river or coastal environment

  Primary Data	data that you have personally collected eg. EQS or Beach profile
  Secondary Data	data that has been collected from someone else eg. house prices or wind direction.
  Data presentation	how you display your data in a visual format e.g. Line graphs for a beach profile
  Data Analysis	how you break down the different data sets and compare them to identify trends or findings relevant to your aim. It can be done numerically, for example looking at the median rate of long shore drift.
  Evaluation	you critically appraise the usefulness and accuracy of your methods and the certainty of your findings in your investigation.
  Conclusion	Do you accept or reject your initial hypothesis based on the evidence you have collected?